The English are considered the first modern society to develop swimming as a sport. By 1837, regular swimming competitions were being held in London's six artificial pools, organized by the National Swimming Society in England. As the sport grew in popularity many more pools were built, and when a new governing body, the Amateur Swimming Association of Great Britain, was organized in 1880, it numbered more than 300 member clubs.

In 1896, swimming became an Olympic sport for men with the 100 metres and 1500 metres freestyle competitions held in open water. Soon after, as swimming gained popularity, more freestyle events were added, followed by the backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and finally, the individual medley.

The first modern Olympic Games had only four swimming events, three of them freestyle. The second Olympics in Paris in 1900 included three unusual swimming events. One used an obstacle course; another was a test of underwater swimming endurance; the third was a 4,000-metre event, the longest competitive swimming event ever. None of the three was ever used in the Olympics again.

For a variety of reasons, women were excluded from swimming in the first several Olympic Games. In 1896 and again in 1906, women could not participate because the developer of the modern games, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, held firmly to the assumption, common in the Victorian era, that women were too frail to engage in competitive sports. It was only at the 1912 Games when women's swimming made its debut at the prompting of the group that later became known as the International Olympic Committee.

From the humble beginning with four swimming events, the Olympics have developed to 32 swimming races, 16 for men and 16 for women. The Special Olympics, competitive swimming for people with disabilities, has 22 events for men and 22 for women.

现代游泳运动起源于英国。17世纪60年代，英国不少地区的游泳活动就开展得相当活跃。1828年，英国在利物浦乔治码头修造了第一个室内游泳池，这种泳池到19世纪30年代，在英国各大市城相继出现。1837年，在英国伦敦成立了第一个游泳组织，同时举办了英国最早的游泳比赛。

1896年游泳被列为奥运会竞赛项目时，不分泳姿，是真正的“自由式”，只有100米、500米、1200米3个项目。1900年第2届奥运会，将仰泳分出；1904年第3届奥运会，又分出蛙泳。1912年第5届奥运会，女子游泳被列为比赛项目。1956年第16届奥运会，又增加了蝶泳，从此定型为4种泳姿。在此后不断的发展中，先后出现了自由泳、俯泳、仰泳、蝶泳、蛙泳、混合泳和接力（自由泳与混合泳）6大项32个小项。而今，游泳已成为奥运会上仅次于田径的金牌大户，成为当今世界各国争相角逐的体育竞技大舞台。